1881

1881 (MDCCCLXXXI) was a common year starting on Saturday (see link for calendar).

Events

January - April

• January 16-January 24 - Siege of Geok Tepe - Russian troops under general Skobeleff defeat Turkomans
• January 24 - William Edward Forster, the chief secretary for Ireland, introduces his Coercion Bill - it goes through a long debate before it is accepted February 2
• January 25 - Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham Bell form the Oriental Telephone Company
• February 2 - Parkfield Earthquake
• February 5 - Phoenix, Arizona is incorporated.
• February 13 - First issue of the feminist newspaper La Citoyenne is published by Hubertine Auclert.
• February 19 - Kansas became the first U.S. state to prohibit all alcoholic beverages.
• March 4 - Rutherford Birchard Hayes is succeeded as President of the United States by James Abram Garfield.
• March 12 - Andrew Watson makes his Scotland debut as the world's first black international football player and captain.
• March 13 - Alexander II of Russia is killed near his palace when a bomb is thrown at him. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander III.
• April 14 - Four Dead in Five Seconds Gunfight erupted in El Paso, Texas
• April 21 - The University of Connecticut is founded as the Storrs Agricultural School.
• April 25 - Caulfield Grammar School is founded in Melbourne, Australia.
• April 28 - Billy the Kid escapes from New Mexico jail.

May - August

• May 12 - In North Africa, Tunisia becomes a French protectorate.
• May 21 - The American Red Cross is established by Clara Barton.
• May 21 - The United States Tennis Association is established by a small group of tennis club members.
• June 12 - The USS Jeannette is crushed in an Arctic Ocean ice pack.
• July 1 - General Order 70, the culmination of the Cardwell-Childers reforms of the British Army's organisation, came into effect.
• July 2 - James Abram Garfield, President of the United States is shot by lawyer Charles Julius Guiteau. He survives the assassination attempt but he suffers from infection of his wound.
• July 4 - In Alabama, the Tuskegee Institute opens.
• July 20 - Indian Wars: Sioux chief Sitting Bull leads the last of his fugitive people in surrender to United States troops at Fort Buford in Montana.
• 3 August - Pretoria Convention peace treaty signed, officialy ending the war between the Boers and Britain
• August 27 - A hurricane hits Florida and Carolinas; about 700 die

September - December

• September 5 - The Thumb Fire in the U.S. state of Michigan destroys over a million acres (4,000 km²) and kills 282 people.
• September 19 - US President James A. Garfield dies. Vice President Chester Arthur becomes the 21st President of the United States.
• October 26 - Gunfight at the O.K. Corral in Tombstone, Cochise County, Arizona, USA.
• October 29 - The Judge (US magazine) first published.
• November 11 - The Clarkson Memorial in Wisbech was completed and unveiled to the public.
• November 19 - A meteorite struck earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of Odessa, Ukraine.
• December 5 - The 47th US Congress (1881-83) convenes
• December 8 - At least 620 die in fire at Ring Theatre, Vienna

Unknown date

• Founding of the Pali Text Society
• University College Dublin is established in Ireland
• The United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) is founded, and the first U.S. Tennis Championships are played.
• Founding of the League of the Three Emperors
• London Evening News begins publication
• Some Vatican archives opened to scholars for the first time
• Abilene, Texas is founded.
• Leyton Orient F.C. is Founded
• Minto, North Dakota is Founded

Births

• January 1 - Vajiravudh, King of Thailand (d. 1925)
• January 9 - Lascelles Abercrombie, English poet and critic (d. 1938)
• January 9 - Giovanni Papini, Italian essayist, poet, and novelist (d. 1956)
• January 17 - Antoni Łomnicki, Polish mathematician (d. 1941)
• January 31 - Irving Langmuir, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1957)
• February 12 - Anna Pavlova, Russian ballerina (d. 1931)
• March 4 - Richard C. Tolman, American mathematical physicist (d. 1948)
• March 4 - Maude Fealy, American stage and film actor (d. 1971)
• March 17 - Walter Rudolf Hess, Swiss physiologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1973)
• March 23 - Roger Martin du Gard, French writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
• March 23 - Hermann Staudinger, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1965)
• March 25 - Béla Bartók, Hungarian composer (d. 1945)
• March 25 - Mary Gladys Webb, English writer (d. 1927)
• May 19 - Official birthday of Kemal Atatürk First Turkish President (d. 1938)
• June 17 - Tommy Burns, Canadian-born boxer (d. 1955)
• July 4 - Ulysses S. Grant III, American soldier and planner (d. 1968)
• July 27 - Hans Fischer, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1945)
• July 30 - Smedley Butler, U.S. general (d. 1940)
• August 6 - Sir Alexander Fleming, Scottish researcher, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1955)
• August 19 - Georges Enescu, Romanian composer (d. 1955)
• August 20 - Edgar Guest, English poet (d. 1959)
• September 8 - Harry Hillman, American athlete (d. 1945)
• September 16 - Clive Bell, English art critic (d. 1964)
• September 17 - Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter, English soldier (d. 1955)
• October 1 - William Boeing, American engineer and airplane manufacturer (d. 1956)
• October 11 - Hans Kelsen, Austrian legal theorist (d. 1973)
• October 15 - P. G. Wodehouse, English-born writer (d. 1975)
• October 22 - Clinton Davisson, American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)
• October 25 - Pablo Picasso, Spanish painter (d. 1973)
• November 14 - Nicholas Schenck, Russian-born film studio executive (d. 1969)
• November 24 - Al Christie, Canadian-born director and producer (d. 1951)
• November 25 - Pope John XXIII (d. 1963)
• December 24 - Juan Ramón Jiménez, Spanish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1958)

Unknown

• Kemal Atatürk, founder and the first President of Turkey (d. 1938)
• Antoni Józef Śmieszek, Polish Egyptologist and linguist (d. 1943)
• William Temple, Archbishop of Canterbury (d. 1944)
• Hiram Wesley Evans, American leader of KKK and prohibitionist (d. 1966)

Deaths

• January 3 - Anna McNeill Whistler, Whistler's mother (b. 1804)
• January 21 - Wilhelm Matthias Naeff, member of the Swiss Federal Council (b. 1802)
• February 5 - Thomas Carlyle, Scottish writer and historian (b. 1795)
• February 9 - Fyodor Dostoevsky, Russian novelist (b. 1821)
• March 13 - Czar Alexander II of Russia (b. 1818)
• March 28 - Modest Mussorgsky, Russian composer (b. 1839)
• April 19 - Benjamin Disraeli, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (b. 1804)
• May 24 - Samuel Palmer, English artist (b. 1805)
• June 6 - Henri Vieuxtemps, Belgian composer (b. 1820)
• July 17 - Jim Bridger, American explorer and trapper (b. 1804)
• July 18 - Billy the Kid, American gunslinger (b. 1859)
• September 7 - Sidney Lanier, American writer (b. 1842)
• September 19 - James A. Garfield, 20th President of the United States (assassinated) (b. 1831)
• September 22 - Solomon L. Spink, U.S. Congressman from Illinois (b. 1831)
• October 3 - Orson Pratt, American religious leader (b. 1811)
• October 31 - George DeLong, American naval officer and explorer (starvation) (b. 1844)