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| | Most people now agree that The Interpretation of Dreams was Freud's most important work, but it took eight years to sell the 600 copies printed in 1900. In the first year and a half, no scientific journal reviewed it and few other periodicals mentioned it. It was largely ignored, though in psychological journals it received crushing reviews. One critic warned that "uncritical minds would be delighted to join in this play with ideas and would end up in complete mysticism and chaotic arbitrariness." | | Most people now agree that The Interpretation of Dreams was Freud's most important work, but it took eight years to sell the 600 copies printed in 1900. In the first year and a half, no scientific journal reviewed it and few other periodicals mentioned it. It was largely ignored, though in psychological journals it received crushing reviews. One critic warned that "uncritical minds would be delighted to join in this play with ideas and would end up in complete mysticism and chaotic arbitrariness." |
| | In 1910, however, Freud's overall work was becoming better known and a second edition was printed. There would be six more in Freud's lifetime, the last in 1929. He changed very little in the book, only adding illustrations, elaborating certain ideas, and adding to the portions on symbolism. The book was translated into English and Russian in 1913, and into six more languages by 1938. Though he was a prolific writer, The Interpretation of Dreams remained Freud's most original work. Despite the initial cold reception, Freud himself knew it was a breakthrough. "Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime," he wrote. | | In 1910, however, Freud's overall work was becoming better known and a second edition was printed. There would be six more in Freud's lifetime, the last in 1929. He changed very little in the book, only adding illustrations, elaborating certain ideas, and adding to the portions on symbolism. The book was translated into English and Russian in 1913, and into six more languages by 1938. Though he was a prolific writer, The Interpretation of Dreams remained Freud's most original work. Despite the initial cold reception, Freud himself knew it was a breakthrough. "Insight such as this falls to one's lot but once in a lifetime," he wrote. |
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| − | {{yearbox|
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| − | | cp=18th century
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| − | | c=19th century
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| − | | cf=20th century
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| − | | yp1=1894
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| − | | yp2=1895
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| − | | yp3=1896
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| − | | year=[[1897]]
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| − | | ya1=1898
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| − | | ya2=1899
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| − | | ya3=1900
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| − | | dp3=1860s
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| − | | dp2=1870s
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| − | | d=1890s
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| − | | dn1=1900s
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| − | | dn2=1910s
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| − | | dn3=1920s
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| − | }}
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| − | {{C19YearInTopic}}
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| − | {{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Meiji]] 30}}
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| − | '''1897''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCXCVII]]''') was a [[common year starting on Friday]] (see link for calendar).
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| − | ==Events==
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| − | [[Image:Klondike mining camp.jpg|thumb|300px|right|A typical gold mining operation, on Bonanza Creek]]
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| − |
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| − | * [[January 1]] - [[Brooklyn, New York]] merges with [[New York City]].
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| − | * [[January 4]] - A [[United Kingdom|British]] force is ambushed by Chief Ologbosere, son-in-law of the [[Oba of Benin]]. This leads to a [[Punitive Expedition]] against [[Benin City|Benin]].
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| − | * [[February 2]] - [[Harrisburg, Pennsylvania|Harrisburg]], the [[Pennsylvania]] state capitol, is destroyed by fire.
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| − | * [[February 18]]- [[Benin City|Benin]] is put to the torch by the [[Punitive Expedition]].
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| − | * [[March 4]] - [[William McKinley]] succeeds [[Grover Cleveland]] as [[President of the United States]].
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| − | * [[March 13]] - [[San Diego State University]] founded.
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| − | * [[April 5]] - "Ordinance of April 5," equalizing German and Czech in Bohemia, signed in [[Austria-Hungary]] (see [[Kasimir Felix Graf Badeni]]).
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| − | * [[April 27]] - [[Grant's Tomb]] is dedicated.
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| − | * [[May 19]] - [[Oscar Wilde]] is released from prison.
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| − | * [[June 2]] - [[Mark Twain]], responding to rumors that he was dead, is quoted by the ''New York Journal'' as saying, "The report of my death was an exaggeration."
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| − | * [[July 11]] - [[S. A. Andrée's Arctic balloon expedition of 1897]] begins. The ill-fated expedition to fly over the arctic results in the death of the entire team within months.
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| − | * [[July 17]] - [[Klondike Gold Rush]] begins when first successful prospectors arrive in [[Seattle, Washington|Seattle]].
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| − | * [[July 25]] - Writer [[Jack London]] sails to join the [[Klondike Gold Rush]] where he will write his first successful stories.
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| − | * [[July 31]] - First ascent of [[Mount Saint Elias]], second highest peak in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].
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| − | * [[August 29]] - First [[Zionist Congress]] convenes in [[Basel]], [[Switzerland]].
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| − | * [[September 1]] - The [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]] subway opens, becoming the first underground [[metro]] in [[North America]].
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| − | * [[September 10]] - In the [[Lattimer Massacre]], a sheriff's posse killes more than nineteen unarmed immigrant miners in [[Pennsylvania]].
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| − | * [[September 11]] - After months of searching, generals of [[Menelik II of Ethiopia]] capture [[Gaki Sherocho]], the last king of [[Kingdom of Kaffa|Kaffa]], bringing an end to that ancient kingdom.
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| − | * [[December 9]] - First issue of the feminist newspaper ''[[La Fronde]]'' is published by [[Marguerite Durand]].
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| − | * [[December 28]] - The play ''[[Cyrano de Bergerac]]'', by [[Edmond Rostand]], premieres in [[Paris]].
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| − | * [[December 30]] - [[KwaZulu-Natal Province|Natal]] annexes [[Zululand]].
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| − |
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| − | * Queen [[Victoria of the United Kingdom|Victoria]] celebrates her [[Diamond Jubilee]].
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| − | * [[France]] allows women to study at the [[Ecole des Beaux-Arts]].
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| − | * First use of the word [[computer]] meaning an electronic calculation device.
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| − | * [[Coseley Urban District Council]] formed
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| − | * [[Dos Equis]] first brewed in anticipation of new century
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| − | * [[J. J. Thomson]] discovers the [[electron]] as a [[subatomic particle]]
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| − |
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| − | ==Births==
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| − | ===January-March===
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| − | *[[January 3]] - [[Marion Davies]], American actress (d. [[1961]])
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| − | *[[January 23]] - [[Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky]], Austrian architect and anti-Nazi activist (d. [[2000]])
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| − | *[[January 23]] - [[Netaji Subash chandra Bose]], Indian freedom fighter (d. ?)
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| − | *[[January 28]] - [[Ivan Stedeford]], British Industrialist (d. [[1975]])
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| − | *[[February 4]] - [[Ludwig Erhard]], [[Chancellor of Germany]] (d. [[1977]])
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| − | *[[February 7]] - [[Quincy Porter]], American composer (d. [[1966]])
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| − | *[[February 10]] - [[John F. Enders]], American scientist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1985]])
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| − | *February 10 - Dame [[Judith Anderson]], Australian actress (d. [[1992]])
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| − | *[[February 21]] - [[Sean Heuston]], Irish rebel (d. [[1916]])
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| − | *[[February 27]] - [[Marian Anderson]], American contralto (d. [[1993]])
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| − | *[[March 1]] - [[Shoghi Effendi]], Guardian of the [[Bahá'í Faith]] (d. [[1957]])
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| − | *[[March 4]] - [[Lefty O'Doul]], baseball player and restaurateur (d. [[1969]])
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| − | *[[March 5]] - [[Set Persson]], Swedish communist politician (d. [[1960]])
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| − | *[[March 15]] - [[Jackson Scholz]], American sprinter (d. [[1986]])
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| − | *[[March 20]] - [[Ruby Muhammad]], African Americans' rights activists
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| − | *[[March 24]] - [[Wilhelm Reich]], Austrian psychotherapist (d. [[1957]])
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| − | *[[March 27]] - [[Gloria Swanson]], American actress (d. [[1983]])
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| − | *[[March 28]] - [[Sepp Herberger]], German football coach (d. [[1977]])
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| − |
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| − | ===April-June===
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| − | *[[April 1]] - [[Nita Naldi]], American film actress (d. [[1961]])
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| − | *[[April 7]] - [[Walter Winchell]], American broadcast journalist (d. [[1972]])
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| − | *[[April 9]] - [[John B. Gambling]], American radio talk-show host (d. [[1974]])
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| − | *[[April 19]] - [[Peter de Noronha]], Indian businessman (d. [[1970]])
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| − | *April 19 - [[Constance Talmadge]], American actress (d. [[1973]])
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| − | *[[April 23]] - [[Lester B. Pearson]], [[Prime Minister of Canada]], recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1972]])
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| − | *[[April 25]] - [[Mary, Princess Royal]] of England (d. [[1965]])
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| − | *[[April 26]] - [[Douglas Sirk]], German-born director (d. [[1987]])
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| − | * April 26 - [[Eddie Eagan]], American boxer and bobsledder (d. [[1967]])
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| − | *[[May 2]] - [[J. Fred Coots]], American songwriter (d. [[1985]])
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| − | *[[May 14]] - [[Sidney Bechet]], American musician (d. [[1959]])
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| − | *[[May 17]] - [[Odd Hassel]], Norwegian chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1981]])
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| − | *[[May 18]] - [[Frank Capra]], American producer, director, and writer (d. [[1991]])
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| − | *[[May 19]] - [[Frank Luke]], American World War I pilot (d. [[1918]])
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| − | *[[May 21]] - [[Nikola Avramov]], Bulgarian painter (d. [[1945]])
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| − | *[[May 27]] - [[John Cockcroft]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1967]])
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| − | *[[May 29]] - [[Erich Wolfgang Korngold]], Austrian composer (d. [[1957]])
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| − | *[[June 7]] - [[George Szell]], Hungarian conductor (d. [[1970]])
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| − | *[[June 10]] - [[Grand Duchess Tatiana of Russia]] (d. [[1918]])
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| − | *[[June 13]] - [[Paavo Nurmi]], Finnish runner (d. [[1973]])
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| − | *[[June 16]] - [[Georg Wittig]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1987]])
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| − | *[[June 19]] - [[Cyril Norman Hinshelwood]], English chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1967]])
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| − | *June 19 - [[Moe Howard]], American comedian and actor, [[Three Stooges]] member (d. [[1975]])
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| − |
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| − | ===July-September===
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| − | *[[July 20]] - [[Tadeus Reichstein]], Polish-born chemist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1996]])
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| − | *[[July 24]] - [[Amelia Earhart]], American aviator (d. [[1937]] - presumed)
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| − | *[[July 29]] - Sir [[Neil Ritchie]], British general (d. [[1983]])
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| − | *[[August 2]] - [[Max Weber (politician)|Max Weber]], Swiss Federal Councilor (d. [[1974]])
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| − | *[[August 5]] - [[Aksel Larsen]], Danish politician (d. [[1972]])
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| − | *[[August 28]] - [[Charles Boyer]], French actor (d. [[1978]])
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| − | *[[September 1]] - [[Andy Kennedy]], Northern Irish footballer (d. [[1963]])
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| − | *[[September 8]] - [[Jimmie Rodgers (country singer)|Jimmie Rodgers]], American singer (d. [[1933]])
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| − | *[[September 12]] - [[Irene Joliot-Curie]], French physicist, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] (d. [[1956]])
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| − | *[[September 17]] - [[Earl Webb]], baseball player (d. [[1965]])
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| − | *[[September 23]] - [[Walter Pidgeon]], Canadian actor (d. [[1984]])
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| − | *[[September 25]] - [[William Faulkner]], American writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1962]])
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| − | *[[September 26]] - [[Pope Paul VI]] (d. [[1978]])
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| − | *[[September 26]] - [[Arthur Rhys Davids]], English pilot (d. [[1917]])
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| − |
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| − | ===October-December===
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| − | *[[October 3]] - [[Louis Aragon]], French author (d. [[1982]])
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| − | *[[October 15]] - [[Johannes Sikkar]], Estonian statesman (d. [[1960]])
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| − | *[[October 20]] - [[Yi Un|Yi, Eun]], Korean Crown Prince (d. [[1970]])
| |
| − | *[[October 29]] - [[Joseph Goebbels]], German Nazi propagandist (d. [[1945]])
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| − | *[[November 9]] - [[Ronald George Wreyford Norrish]], British chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1978]])
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| − | *[[November 15]] - [[Sacheverell Sitwell]], English author (d. [[1988]])
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| − | *[[November 17]] - [[Frank Fay(U.S.-born)|Frank Fay]], American actor and first husband of [[Barbara Stanwyck]] (d. [[1961]])
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| − | *[[November 18]] - [[Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett|Patrick Blackett]], English physicist, [[Nobel Prize in Physics|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1974]])
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| − | *[[November 23]] - [[Nirad C. Chaudhuri]], Bengali author (d. [[1999]])
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| − | *[[December 18]] - [[Fletcher Henderson]], American musician (d. [[1952]])
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| − | *[[December 30]] - [[Alfredo Bracchi]], Italian author (d. [[1976]])
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| − |
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| − | ==Deaths==
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| − | * [[February 4]] - [[Charles Bendire|Major Charles Bendire]], U.S. Army captain and ornithologist (b. [[1836]])
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| − | * [[February 19]] - [[Karl Weierstrass]], German mathematician (b. [[1815]]
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| − | * [[March 19]] - [[Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie]], Irish-born traveler (b. [[1810]])
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| − | * [[April 3]] - [[Johannes Brahms]], German composer (b. [[1833]])
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| − | * [[September 9]] - [[Richard Holt Hutton]], English writer and theologian (b. [[1826]])
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| − | * [[September 21]] - [[Wilhelm Wattenbach]], German historian (b. [[1819]])
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| − | * [[October 29]] - [[Henry George]], American economist (b. [[1839]])
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| − | * [[November 19]] - [[William Seymour Tyler]], American educator and historian (b. [[1810]])
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| − | * [[November 20]] - [[Ernest Giles]], Australian explorer (b. [[1835]])
| |
| − | * [[December 17]] - [[Alphonse Daudet]], French writer (b. [[1840]])
| |
| − | * [[Jang Seung-eop]], Korean painter (b. [[1843]])
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