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| − | A telephone exchange opens in Budapest. Nicola Tesla becomes its chief electrician. | + | A telephone exchange opens in Budapest. [[Nicola Tesla]] becomes its chief electrician. |
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| | + | [[January 25]] - [[Thomas Edison]] and [[Alexander Graham Bell]] form the [[Oriental Telephone Company]] |
| | | | |
| − | | + | [[February 13]] - First issue of the feminist newspaper ''[[La Citoyenne]]'' is published by [[Hubertine Auclert]]. |
| − | {{yearbox|
| + | [[February 19]] - [[Kansas]] became the first [[U.S. state]] to prohibit all [[ethanol|alcoholic]] beverages. |
| − | | in?=
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| − | | cp=18th century
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| − | | c=19th century
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| − | | cf=20th century
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| − | | |
| − | | yp1=1878
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| − | | yp2=1879
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| − | | yp3=1880
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| − | | year=1881
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| − | | ya1=1882
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| − | | ya2=1883
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| − | | ya3=1884
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| − | | dp3=1850s
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| − | | dp2=1860s
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| − | | dp1=1870s
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| − | | d=1880s
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| − | | dn1=1890s
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| − | | dn2=1900s
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| − | | dn3=1910s
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| − | }}
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| − | {{C19YearInTopic}}
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| − | | |
| − | '''1881''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLXXXI]]''') was a [[common year starting on Saturday]] (see link for calendar).
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| − | | |
| − | ==Events==
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| − | ===January - April===
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| − | * [[January 16]]-[[January 24]] - [[Siege of Geok Tepe]] - Russian troops under general [[Skobeleff]] defeat [[Turkomans]]
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| − | *[[January 24]] - [[William Edward Forster]], the chief secretary for [[Ireland]], introduces his [[Coercion Bill]] - it goes through a long debate before it is accepted [[February 2]]
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| − | *[[January 25]] - [[Thomas Edison]] and [[Alexander Graham Bell]] form the [[Oriental Telephone Company]]
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| − | *[[February 2]] - [[Parkfield Earthquake]]
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| − | *[[February 5]] - [[Phoenix, Arizona]] is incorporated.
| |
| − | *[[February 13]] - First issue of the feminist newspaper ''[[La Citoyenne]]'' is published by [[Hubertine Auclert]].
| |
| − | *[[February 19]] - [[Kansas]] became the first [[U.S. state]] to prohibit all [[ethanol|alcoholic]] beverages.
| |
| | *[[March 4]] - [[Rutherford B. Hayes|Rutherford Birchard Hayes]] is succeeded as [[President of the United States]] by [[James Garfield|James Abram Garfield]]. | | *[[March 4]] - [[Rutherford B. Hayes|Rutherford Birchard Hayes]] is succeeded as [[President of the United States]] by [[James Garfield|James Abram Garfield]]. |
| | *[[March 12]] - [[Andrew Watson]] makes his [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] debut as the world's first black international football player and captain. | | *[[March 12]] - [[Andrew Watson]] makes his [[Scotland national football team|Scotland]] debut as the world's first black international football player and captain. |
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| | | | |
| | ===May - August=== | | ===May - August=== |
| − | *[[May 12]] - In [[North Africa]], [[Tunisia]] becomes a [[France|French]] protectorate.
| + | |
| | *[[May 21]] - The [[American Red Cross]] is established by [[Clara Barton]]. | | *[[May 21]] - The [[American Red Cross]] is established by [[Clara Barton]]. |
| | *[[May 21]] - The [[United States Tennis Association]] is established by a small group of tennis club members. | | *[[May 21]] - The [[United States Tennis Association]] is established by a small group of tennis club members. |
| − | *[[June 12]] - The [[USS Jeannette (1878)|USS ''Jeannette'']] is crushed in an [[Arctic Ocean]] ice pack.
| + | |
| − | *[[July 1]] - [[General Order 70]], the culmination of the [[Cardwell-Childers reforms]] of the [[British Army]]'s organisation, came into effect.
| |
| | *[[July 2]] - [[James Garfield|James Abram Garfield]], [[President of the United States]] is shot by [[lawyer]] [[Charles J. Guiteau|Charles Julius Guiteau]]. He survives the assassination attempt but he suffers from [[infection]] of his wound. | | *[[July 2]] - [[James Garfield|James Abram Garfield]], [[President of the United States]] is shot by [[lawyer]] [[Charles J. Guiteau|Charles Julius Guiteau]]. He survives the assassination attempt but he suffers from [[infection]] of his wound. |
| | *[[July 4]] - In [[Alabama]], the [[Tuskegee Institute]] opens. | | *[[July 4]] - In [[Alabama]], the [[Tuskegee Institute]] opens. |
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| | *[[August 27]] - A [[hurricane]] hits Florida and Carolinas; about 700 die | | *[[August 27]] - A [[hurricane]] hits Florida and Carolinas; about 700 die |
| | | | |
| − | ===September - December===
| + | |
| − | *[[September 5]] - The [[Thumb Fire]] in the [[U.S. state]] of [[Michigan]] destroys over a million acres (4,000 km²) and kills 282 people.
| |
| − | *[[September 19]] - US President [[James A. Garfield]] dies. Vice President [[Chester Arthur]] becomes the 21st President of the United States.
| |
| − | *[[October 26]] - [[Gunfight at the O.K. Corral]] in [[Tombstone, Arizona | Tombstone]], [[Cochise County, Arizona|Cochise County]], [[Arizona]], [[United States|USA]].
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| − | * [[October 29]] - ''[[The Judge]]'' (US magazine) first published.
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| − | * [[November 11]] - The [[Clarkson Memorial]] in [[Wisbech]] was completed and unveiled to the public.
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| − | * [[November 19]] - A [[meteorite]] struck earth near the village of Großliebenthal, a few kilometers southwest of [[Odessa]], [[Ukraine]].
| |
| − | * [[December 5]] - The 47th [[US Congress]] (1881-83) convenes
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| | * [[December 8]] - At least 620 die in fire at [[Ring Theatre]], [[Vienna]] | | * [[December 8]] - At least 620 die in fire at [[Ring Theatre]], [[Vienna]] |
| | | | |
| − | ===Unknown date===
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| − | *Founding of the [[Pali Text Society]]
| |
| − | *[[University College Dublin]] is established in [[Ireland]]
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| − | *The United States National Lawn Tennis Association (USNLTA) is founded, and the first U.S. [[Tennis]] Championships are played.
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| − | *Founding of the [[League of the Three Emperors]]
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| − | * ''[[London Evening News]]'' begins publication
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| − | * Some [[Vatican City|Vatican]] archives opened to scholars for the first time
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| − | * [[Abilene, Texas]] is founded.
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| − | * [[Leyton Orient F.C.]] is Founded
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| − | * [[Minto, North Dakota ]] is Founded
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| − |
| |
| − | ==Births==
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| − | *[[January 1]] - [[Vajiravudh]], [[King of Thailand]] (d. [[1925]])
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| − | *[[January 9]] - [[Lascelles Abercrombie]], English poet and critic (d. [[1938]])
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| − | *[[January 9]] - [[Giovanni Papini]], Italian essayist, poet, and novelist (d. [[1956]])
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| − | *[[January 17]] - [[Antoni Łomnicki]], Polish mathematician (d. [[1941]])
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| − | *[[January 31]] - [[Irving Langmuir]], American chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1957]])
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| − | *[[February 12]] - [[Anna Pavlova]], Russian ballerina (d. [[1931]])
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| − | *[[March 4]] - [[Richard C. Tolman]], American mathematical physicist (d. [[1948]])
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| − | *[[March 4]] - [[Maude Fealy]], American stage and film actor (d. [[1971]])
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| − | *[[March 17]] - [[Walter Rudolf Hess]], Swiss physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1973]])
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| − | *[[March 23]] - [[Roger Martin du Gard]], French writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]])
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| − | *[[March 23]] - [[Hermann Staudinger]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1965]])
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| − | *[[March 25]] - [[Béla Bartók]], Hungarian composer (d. [[1945]])
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| − | *[[March 25]] - [[Mary Gladys Webb]], English writer (d. [[1927]])
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| − | *[[May 19]] - Official birthday of [[Kemal Atatürk]] [[List of Presidents of Turkey|First Turkish President]] (d. [[1938]])
| |
| − | *[[June 17]] - [[Tommy Burns]], Canadian-born boxer (d. [[1955]])
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| − | *[[July 4]] - [[Ulysses S. Grant III]], American soldier and planner (d. [[1968]])
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| − | *[[July 27]] - [[Hans Fischer]], German chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1945]])
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| − | *[[July 30]] - [[Smedley Butler]], U.S. general (d. [[1940]])
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| − | *[[August 6]] - Sir [[Alexander Fleming]], Scottish researcher, recipient of the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] (d. [[1955]])
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| − | *[[August 19]] - [[Georges Enescu]], Romanian composer (d. [[1955]])
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| − | *[[August 20]] - [[Edgar Guest]], English poet (d. [[1959]])
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| − | *[[September 8]] - [[Harry Hillman]], American athlete (d. [[1945]])
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| − | *[[September 16]] - [[Clive Bell]], English art critic (d. [[1964]])
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| − | *[[September 17]] - [[Alfred Francis Blakeney Carpenter]], English soldier (d. [[1955]])
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| − | *[[October 1]] - [[William Boeing]], American engineer and airplane manufacturer (d. [[1956]])
| |
| − | *[[October 11]] - [[Hans Kelsen]], Austrian legal theorist (d. [[1973]])
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| − | *[[October 15]] - [[P. G. Wodehouse]], English-born writer (d. [[1975]])
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| − | *[[October 22]] - [[Clinton Davisson]], American physicist, [[Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]])
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| − | *[[October 25]] - [[Pablo Picasso]], Spanish painter (d. [[1973]])
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| − | *[[November 14]] - [[Nicholas Schenck]], Russian-born film studio executive (d. [[1969]])
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| − | *[[November 24]] - [[Al Christie]], Canadian-born director and producer (d. [[1951]])
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| − | *[[November 25]] - [[Pope John XXIII]] (d. [[1963]])
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| − | *[[December 24]] - [[Juan Ramón Jiménez]], Spanish writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1958]])
| |
| − | ==== Unknown ====
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| − | *[[Kemal Atatürk]], founder and the first [[President of Turkey]] (d. [[1938]])
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| − | *[[Antoni Józef Śmieszek]], Polish Egyptologist and linguist (d. [[1943]])
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| − | *[[William Temple (archbishop)|William Temple]], [[Archbishop of Canterbury]] (d. [[1944]])
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| − | *[[Hiram Wesley Evans]], American leader of KKK and prohibitionist (d. [[1966]])
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| | | | |
| − | ==Deaths==
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| − | *[[January 3]] - [[Anna McNeill Whistler]], Whistler's mother (b. [[1804]])
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| − | *[[January 21]] - [[Wilhelm Matthias Naeff]], [[member of the Swiss Federal Council]] (b. [[1802]])
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| − | *[[February 5]] - [[Thomas Carlyle]], Scottish writer and historian (b. [[1795]])
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| − | *[[February 9]] - [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], Russian novelist (b. [[1821]])
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| − | *[[March 13]] - Czar [[Alexander II of Russia]] (b. [[1818]])
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| − | *[[March 28]] - [[Modest Mussorgsky]], Russian composer (b. [[1839]])
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| − | *[[April 19]] - [[Benjamin Disraeli]], [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] (b. [[1804]])
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| − | *[[May 24]] - [[Samuel Palmer]], English artist (b. [[1805]])
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| − | *[[June 6]] - [[Henri Vieuxtemps]], Belgian composer (b. [[1820]])
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| − | *[[July 17]] - [[Jim Bridger]], American explorer and trapper (b. [[1804]])
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| − | *[[July 18]] - [[Billy the Kid]], American gunslinger (b. [[1859]])
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| − | *[[September 7]] - [[Sidney Lanier]], American writer (b. [[1842]])
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| − | *[[September 19]] - [[James A. Garfield]], 20th [[President of the United States]] (assassinated) (b. [[1831]])
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| − | *[[September 22]] - [[Solomon L. Spink]], U.S. Congressman from Illinois (b. [[1831]])
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| − | *[[October 3]] - [[Orson Pratt]], American religious leader (b. [[1811]])
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| − | *[[October 31]] - [[George W. DeLong|George DeLong]], American naval officer and explorer (starvation) (b. [[1844]])
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| | | | |
| − | [[Category:1881]] | + | Deaths. |
| | + | [[February 9]] - [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], Russian novelist (b. [[1821]]) |
| | | | |
| − | [[af:1881]] | + | [[July 18]] - [[Billy the Kid]], American gunslinger (b. [[1859]]) |
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| − | [[zh:1881年]] | |
