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| − | Madhavrao Patwardhan procures an old magic lantern to realise his dreams. Eastman introduces a thin, flexible, transparetn, cellluloid roll film for the Kodak camera. | + | Madhavrao Patwardhan procures an old magic lantern to realise his dreams. Eastman introduces a thin, flexible, transparent, cellluloid roll film for the Kodak camera. |
| − | Dada buys still camera from scholarship. At Nasik, when the boatmen strike, wrestlers agree to play the ferry. Taking their shoes off and crossing the bridge over the sacred river.
| + | ----- |
| − | | + | The credit for being the first Indian to fly goes to Ramchandra Chatterjee of Calcutta. He was the owner of the Great Indian Circus and a fine acrobat in his own right. on the 4th of May, 1889, in his balloon, 'The City of Calcutta' he scaled a height of 4,000 feet and won the hearts of the people of Calcutta. |
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| − | Pink nailpolish chemical
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| − | That afternoon, Phulla saw the divine Urvashi climb up the temple stairs.
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| − | Phulla's veranda, where she sat stringing flowers to make little ornaments for the hair, was situated one third up the length of the stairs, which flowed up like a broad river that thinned in its upper reaches. That morning,the most beautiful fish was making her way up them, gracefully swinging her fin.
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| − | She was young, probably 12 or so. Dark kohl lined her jewel like eyes and shone on a skin whose radiance would pull any onlooker towards it, and then intimidate him that it pulled. Her long lashes swept the stairs as she walked. Soft pebbles of mogra caressed the back of her neck. Her forhead was dusted by a lightly blown patch of vermillion.
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| − | When those langorous eyes swept over Phulla and past her, in an instant forgetting what they'd seen, Phulla was stung to the quick, she turned her head away from the apparition and looked at the fish-mother instead. The mother's face was craggy, as though the daughter's skin had absorbed all its moisture. If 'Urvashi's' hands were soft and limp, her mothers' had the restlessness of a craftsperson. In colouring this perfect picture that stood next to her, the mother had faded to a dull outline. Her presence was shadowed by a lack, and her face showed a fear of want.
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| − | But her hand was clasped in 'Urvashis''. She wanted the gift of flight from her.
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| − | [[Image:Raja ravivarma painting 73 menaka sakunthala.jpg]]
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| − | As Phulla's eyes swam, over the mother's hands, along the daughter's, to that beautiful face, again..a sky rose over the earth inside her, like a minaret over a tower. A thorny green bush caught fire, and Phulla was singed. Her plump fingers continued to pick white flowers and nothing stirred in her eyes. The girl walked right past her. Still dazed in the trap of fragrance of her flowers and her hair oil, Phulla turned to her own courtyard.
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| − | Her mother was stoking a fire, very slowly, as if she wanted to be sure that she did not break the sleep that she had gathered to her like a blanket the very day that Phulla took over her work at the stall. This is how it's always been with flower girl mothers at this temple.
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| − | --------------------
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| − | The wave having passed, the stairs were stone again. A cat with an absolutely upright tale was slowly taking measure of the courtyard. It felt like the evening had emptied the yard of any signs of life. A hollowed cat, a hollowed mother, a hollow yard, over all of which, the evening had settled in a shroud of small particles. The hollowed out legs of Phulla hurt as she carried utensils to the river for a wash. | |
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| − | --------------
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| − | The mats were empty. But the katha vachak had started his story in the light of the lamp. Phulla sat on the empty mat with the hope that maybe, by some chance, the story that was told today, would somehow belong to her. Her palm was clutching the packet of vermillion she had bought from Azgar's shop.
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| − | But the old man told the story of the big devout bird whose wing got cut off by Ravana impatiently carrying Ram's wife away. Ram was tender with the bird with the broken wing. Phulla breathed impatiently. A virtuous life rewarded with a stray kindness at its very end, no, this is not what she wanted to hear.She looked away, this way and that, and then, gritting her teeth against the story that had softened the old storyteller's face, she began to draw a large red eye in the vermillion she was carrying.
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| − | Dhrinder was resting on his arms on one of the empty mats and looking up at the sky, where dull clouds were walking over a stunted moon. Dhurinder shut his eyes and found images falling behind them like coins into a money box. Like broken paintings they fell- the horse at Baroda.. Sir Griffith standing in a corridor.. Just today, in their courtyard, his mother had extended a baby towards him, as though she was saying "Yours". Kamala was standing in the depths behind Ma's large shoulder. Dhurinder's fingers went over the edge of the durrie and sank in the sand, stroking it like it was Kamala..His eyes opened. Baba's face was so white in the light of the lamp.
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| − | The boatmen of Nasik were on strike again. So Dhurinder had also sat on a pahalwan's shoulder to cross the river. It irritated him. Had he not been carrying all that luggage, he would have swum across. Mid river, Chandu Kaka passed by, letting out sharp giggles from where he sat on the shoulders of one of the pahalwans of the Udaseen Akhara. Ahead of him a woman passenger had completey covered her face with her saree, so that no one recognised her in this shameful posture. Dhurinder kept staring her way- who was she? | |
| − | He had an urge to kick at the sides of his mount, like he would at the horse in Baroda, and yell 'giddy up'!
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| − | | |
| − | Was that Kaki after all?
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| − | Even after getting off, Dhurinder waited a full 20 mintues at the ghat, in the hope that if he figured who the woman was travelling with, he would be able to identify her, and he could narrate this story to Kamala at night.
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| − | Would Kamala laugh?
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| − | The fat girl in front of him was going on shaking something in a small pouch. She looked working class, like she'd taken advantage of the situation and made herself comfortable on the empty mats. All her attention was directed at the pouch in her lap.
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| − | Truth be told, even Dhurinder was impatient with Baba's telling. His voice was not able to travel the distance of the mats. Had Baba's voice been diminished by this open shore? Dhurinder felt like putting up a Ravi Verma painting on the ghat instead- and how the crowds would clamour then. He kept staring at his father.
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| − | ------------
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| − | After washing the dishes, Phulla had broken the water into pieces as she swam to the temple in the middle. She had stayed there, silently, like a fat fish in the water, mourning as she looked at the moon. She had realised that she was trapped in her mother's very ordinary dream. She could never become Urvashi.
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| − | ---------
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| − | When Dhurinder hid his face in the black cloth and tried to find his Baba in the mirrors of his camera, he found an empty chair- Baba had left its imprisonment.
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| − | It was the next morning. Dhurinder was trying to forget what he had thought of the Katha the previous night. He had put the camera between his father and himself. He wanted to capture an image of his father that he could then love in a simple way.
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| − | But Baba refused this imprisonment. As did Kamala. His hand lightly holding the leg of the camera stand, Dhurinder realised that this was not the place to keep it, he would have to go elsewhere to work with his machine.
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| − | ---------------
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| | + | At ten minutes past five in the evening, amid the chanting of the purohits, animal sacrifice, a large band and a tumultous gathering,, "The City of Calcutta" took off from the Oriental Gasworks Field. |
| | + | Charged by the euphoria of the watching crowd, Ramchandra let go of the controls of the balloon and began doing acrobatics from within the balloon basket. |
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| | + | This was not Ramchandra's first flight. The same year, on the 10th of April, he went for an hour into the skies along with an Englishman, Percival.(check this line) |
| | + | With just a rudimentary knowledge of balloons got from this experience, and having secured a hydrogen balloon, Ramchandra announced that he would fly on the 27th of April. Advertisements to this effect appeared in Calcutta newspapers. But because of a thunderstorm and heavy showers on that day, the flight had to be postponed. |
| | + | -------- |
| | | | |
| | + | Maadanrao Madhavrao Chitale paints the life of srikrishna on glass slides and shows them to an audience using a magic lantern. |
| | + | Inspired by this Mahadeo Gopalrao Patwardhan of Kalyan thinks this can be done more commercially. He procures a magic lantern. His son Vinayak studies at the J J School of Art, he became adept at painting images on glass. |
| | + | ------------- |
| | + | Letter to TOI |
| | | | |
| | + | Why do brain workers die early? |
| | + | the horseshoe superstition. |
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| | [[Image:2 December 1889.pdf]] | | [[Image:2 December 1889.pdf]] |
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| − | | + | ------------- |
| − | :''This page is about the year 1889. For the board game, see ''[[1889 (board game)|1889]]''.''
| + | William Jones translates Shakuntala into English. A [[dream of cinema]] |
| − | {{yearbox|
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| − | | in?=
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| − | | cp=18th century
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| − | | c=19th century
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| − | | cf=20th century
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| − | | yp1=1886
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| − | | yp2=1887
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| − | | yp3=1888
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| − | | year=1889
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| − | | ya1=1890
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| − | | ya2=1891
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| − | | ya3=1892
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| − | | dp3=1850s
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| − | | dp2=1860s
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| − | | dp1=1870s
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| − | | d=1880s
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| − | | dn1=1890s
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| − | | dn2=1900s
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| − | | dn3=1910s
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| − | }}
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| − | {{C19YearInTopic}}
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| − | {{Year in other calendars|japanese=[[Meiji]] 22}}
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| − | | |
| − | '''1889''' ('''[[Roman numerals|MDCCCLXXXIX]]''') was a [[common year starting on Tuesday]] (see link for calendar).
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| − | | |
| − | Every human recorded to have been born in this year has since passed on except for the current (as of April 15 2006) oldest woman in the world, [[Maria Capovilla]], born on September 14, 1889.
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| − | | |
| − | ==Events==
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| − | ===January-April===
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| − | [[Image:Tour eiffel at sunrise from the trocadero.jpg|thumb|200px|The Eiffel Tower in [[Paris]].]]
| |
| − | * [[January 8]] - [[Herman Hollerith]] receives a patent for his electric [[tabulating machine]]
| |
| − | * [[January 22]] - [[Columbia Phonograph]] is formed in [[Washington, DC]].
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| − | * [[January 30]] - [[Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria]] and his mistress [[Baroness Mary Vetsera]] commit a double suicide (or a murder suicide) in Mayerling hunting lodge
| |
| − | * [[February 11]] - [[Meiji Constitution]] of [[Japan]] adopted; 1st [[Diet (assembly)|Diet]] convenes in [[1890]]
| |
| − | * [[February 22]] - [[President of the United States|President]] [[Grover Cleveland]] signs a bill admitting [[North Dakota]], [[South Dakota]], [[Montana]] and [[Washington]] as [[U.S. state]]s.
| |
| − | *[[March 4]] - [[Grover Cleveland]], 24th [[President of the United States|President]] of the [[United States]] ([[1885]] - 1889) is succeeded by [[Benjamin Harrison]] (1889-[[1893]]).
| |
| − | * [[March 9]] - [[Yohannes IV]] is killed in the [[Battle of Metemma]]; [[Sudan]]ese forces, who had been almost defeated, rally and destroy the [[Ethiopia]]n army.
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| − | * [[March 31]] - The [[Eiffel Tower]] is inaugurated (opens [[May 6]]). Contemporary critics regard it aesthetically displeasing
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| − | * [[April 20]] - [[Adolf Hitler]] is born.
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| − | * [[April 22]] - At high noon, thousands rush to claim land in the [[Land Run of 1889]]. Within hours the cities of [[Oklahoma City, Oklahoma|Oklahoma City]] and [[Guthrie, Oklahoma|Guthrie]] are formed with populations of at least 10,000.
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| − | | |
| − | ===May-October===
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| − | *[[May 2]] - [[Menelik II]], Emperor of [[Ethiopia]], signs a treaty of amity with [[Italy]], giving Italy control over what will become [[Eritrea]].
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| − | * [[May 15]] - In [[Samoa]], three US and three German ships sink in a [[typhoon]] because the captains refuse to leave before the others - almost 200 drown. British steamer ''Calliope'' saves itself by pushing into the wind with full speed
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| − | * [[May 31]] - [[South Fork Dam]] collapses in western [[Pennsylvania]], killing more than 2,200 people in and around [[Johnstown, Pennsylvania]]; the [[Johnstown Flood]].
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| − | * [[June 3]] - The first long distance [[electric power transmission]] line in the United States is completed, running 14 miles between a generator at [[Willamette River|Willamette Falls]] and downtown [[Portland, Oregon]].
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| − | *[[June 6]] - The [[Great Seattle Fire]] ravages through the [[Downtown, Seattle, Washington|downtown area]] without any fatalities.
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| − | * [[June 12]] - 88 are killed in the [[Armagh rail disaster]] near [[Armagh]] in [[Northern Ireland]].
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| − | * [[July 8]] - The first issue of the [[Wall Street Journal]] is published on July 8th.
| |
| − | * [[August 14]] - The Great [[London Dock Strike of 1889|London Dock Strike]] breaks out in England.
| |
| − | *[[September 10]] - Albert Honoré Charles Grimaldi becomes Reigning Prince [[Albert I, Prince of Monaco|Albert I]] of [[Monaco]]
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| − | * [[October 2]] - In [[Washington, DC]], the first international [[Conference of American States]] begins.
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| − | * [[October 3]] - Sister Carries goes to Chicago
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| − | * [[October 24]] - Sir [[Henry Parkes]], Premier of [[New South Wales]], delivers the [[Tenterfield Oration]] calling for the [[Federation of Australia]].
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| − | | |
| − | ===November===
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| − | * [[November 2]] - [[North Dakota]] and [[South Dakota]] are admitted as the 39th and 40th [[U.S. state]]s.
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| − | * [[November 6]] - ''[[Nintendo]]'' Koppai (Later ''[[Nintendo]]'' Company, Limited) founded by [[Fusajiro Yamauchi]] to produce and market the playing card game [[Hanafuda]].
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| − | * [[November 8]] - [[Montana]] is admitted as the 41st [[U.S. state]].
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| − | * [[November 11]] - [[Washington]] is admitted as the 42nd [[U.S. state]].
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| − | * [[November 14]] - Inspired by [[Jules Verne]] pioneer woman Journalist [[Nellie Bly]] (Elizabeth Cochrane) begins an attempt to beat travel around the world in less than 80 days (Bly finished the journey in 72 days, 6 hours and 11 minutes).
| |
| − | * [[November 15]] - [[Brazil]] is declared a republic by [[Marechal Deodoro da Fonseca]] and Emperor [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]] is deposed in a military [[coup]] (he was the second and last emperor of Brazil).
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| − | ===Unknown dates===
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| − | * [[Riverside Elementary School]] is opened in [[Wichita, Kansas]]
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| − | * [[Adelaide Medical Students' Society]] is founded in [[Adelaide, Australia]]
| |
| − | * [[Wisden Cricketer's Almanac]] publishes its first ''[[Wisden Cricketers of the Year]]'' (actually titled ''Six Great Bowlers Of The Year''). The cricketers chosen are [[George Lohmann]], [[Bobby Peel]], [[Johnny Briggs (cricketer)|Johnny Briggs]], [[Charles Turner (cricketer)|Charles Turner]], [[John Ferris]] and [[Sammy Woods]].
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| − | * [[Frederick Abel]] invents cordite
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| − | * [[Diet of Japan]] founded
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| − | * French defense minister [[Georges Boulanger]] attempts a coup but is forced to flee the country
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| − | * First free elections in [[Costa Rica]]
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| − | * [[Glele]], king of [[Dahomey]], commits suicide
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| − | * [[Yellow fever]] interrupts the building of [[Panama Canal]]
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| − | * Huge locust [[swarm]] crosses the [[Red Sea]] and destroys crops in the [[Nile|Nile Valley]]
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| − | * [[Ghost Dance]] movement
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| − | * [[Mirza Ghulam Ahmad]] claimed to be the Promised Messiah and Mahdi.
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| − | * ''[[Fabian Essays in Socialism]]'', edited by [[George Bernard Shaw]], is published.
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| − | * [[Capilano Suspension Bridge]] was founded. This is the longest suspension bridge in the world, and the park is now a favourite attraction to tourists from all over the world. It is located in North Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
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| − | *[[North Carolina]] Legislature issues a charter for the creation of [[Elon College]].
| |
| − | *In March of 1889, a [[Germany|German]] naval force shelled a village in [[Samoa]], and by doing so destroyed some [[United States|American]] property. Three American warships then entered the [[Samoan]] harbor and were prepared to fire on the three German warships found there. Before guns were fired, a hurricane blew up and sank all the ships, American and German. A compulsory [[armistice]] was called because of the lack of warships.
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| − | *[[Sylvie and Bruno]] published.
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| − | | |
| − | ==Births==
| |
| − | ===January-April===
| |
| − | * [[January 21]] - [[Edith Bratt]], wife of [[John Ronald Reuel Tolkien]] (d. [[1971]])
| |
| − | * [[January 31]] - [[Frank Foster]], English cricketer (d. [[1958]])
| |
| − | * [[February 3]] - [[Risto Ryti]], [[Prime Minister of Finland|Prime Minister]] and [[President of Finland]] (d. [[1956]])
| |
| − | * [[February 5]] - [[Ernest Tyldesley]], English cricketer (d. [[1962]])
| |
| − | * [[February 7]] - [[Harry Nyquist]], important contributor to [[information theory]] (d. [[1976]])
| |
| − | * [[February 19]] - [[Ernest Marsden]], British physicist (d. [[1970]])
| |
| − | * [[February 22]] - [[Olave Baden-Powell|Lady Olave Baden-Powell]], English founder of the Girl Guides (d. [[1977]])
| |
| − | * [[February 24]] - [[Suzanne Bianchetti]], French actress (d. [[1936]])
| |
| − | * [[March 1]] - [[Kanoko Okamoto]], Japanese novelist, poet, and Buddhism scholar (d. [[1939]])
| |
| − | * [[March 1]] - [[Watsuji Tetsuro]], Japanese philosopher (d. [[1960]])
| |
| − | * [[March 4]] - [[Pearl White]], American silent film actress (d. [[1938]])
| |
| − | * [[March 16]] - [[Reggie Walker]], South African athlete (d. [[1951]])
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| − | * [[March 21]] - [[Aleksandr Vertinsky]], Russian singer and actor (d. [[1957]])
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| − | * [[March 24]] - [[Albert Hill]], British athlete (d. [[1969]])
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| − | * [[March 29]] - [[Warner Baxter]], American actor (d. [[1951]])
| |
| − | [[Image:Baby-hitler.jpg|160px|thumb|Adolf Hitler, the young [[Führer]].]]
| |
| − | * [[April 7]] - [[Gabriela Mistral]], Chilean writer, [[Nobel Prize in Literature|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1957]])
| |
| − | * [[April 8]] - Sir [[Adrian Boult]], English conductor (d. [[1983]])
| |
| − | * [[April 11]] - [[Nick LaRocca]], American musician (d. [[1961]])
| |
| − | * [[April 15]] - [[Thomas Hart Benton (painter)|Thomas Hart Benton]], American painter (d. [[1975]])
| |
| − | * [[April 16]] - [[Charlie Chaplin]], English actor and film director (d. [[1977]])
| |
| − | * [[April 20]] - [[Adolf Hitler]], Austrian dictator of Nazi Germany (d. [[1945]])
| |
| − | * [[April 21]] - [[Paul Karrer]], Swiss chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1971]])
| |
| − | * [[April 23]] - [[Karel Doorman]], Dutch admiral (d. [[1942]])
| |
| − | * [[April 26]] - [[Ludwig Wittgenstein]], Austrian-born philosopher (d. [[1951]])
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===May-December===
| |
| − | * [[May 12]] - [[Otto Frank]], German writer, father of [[Anne Frank]] (d. [[1980]])
| |
| − | * [[May 18]] - [[Thomas Midgley]], American chemist and inventor (d. [[1944]])
| |
| − | * [[May 25]] - [[Igor Sikorsky]], Russian developer of the helicopter (d. [[1972]])
| |
| − | * [[June 21]] - [[Ralph Craig]], American athlete (d. [[1972]])
| |
| − | * [[June 23]] - [[Anna Akhmatova]], Russian poet (d. [[1966]])
| |
| − | * [[July 5]] - [[Jean Cocteau]], French writer (d. [[1963]])
| |
| − | * [[July 17]] - [[Erle Stanley Gardner]], American author (d. [[1970]])
| |
| − | * [[August 5]] - [[Conrad Aiken]], American writer (d. [[1973]])
| |
| − | * [[August 21]] - [[Sir Richard O'Connor]], English General in WWII (d. [[1981]])
| |
| − | * [[September 7]] - [[Albert Plesman]], Dutch aviation pioneer (d. [[1953]])
| |
| − | * [[September 8]] - [[Robert Taft]], U.S. Senator from Ohio (d. [[1953]])
| |
| − | * [[September 11]] - [[Suzanne Duchamp]], French painter (d. [[1963]])
| |
| − | * [[September 14]] - [[Maria Esther Capovilla]], current [[Supercentenarian|oldest living person]] (since [[May 29]] [[2004]])
| |
| − | * [[September 18]] - [[Doris Blackburn]], Australian politician (d. [[1970]])
| |
| − | * [[September 20]] - [[Charles Reidpath]], American athlete (d. [[1975]])
| |
| − | * [[September 26]] - [[Martin Heidegger]], German philosopher (d. [[1976]])
| |
| − | *[[October 3]] - [[Carl von Ossietzky]], German pacifist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1938]])
| |
| − | * [[October 8]] - [[C. E. Woolman]], American airline executive (d. [[1966]])
| |
| − | * [[October 13]] - [[Douglass Dumbrille]], Canadian-born actor (d. [[1974]])
| |
| − | *[[November 1]] - [[Philip Noel-Baker, Baron Noel-Baker]], Canadian-born peace activist, recipient of the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] (d. [[1982]])
| |
| − | * [[November 14]] - [[Jawaharlal Nehru]], [[Prime Minister of India]] (d. [[1948]])
| |
| − | * [[November 19]] - [[Vasily Blyukher]], Soviet military commander (d. [[1938]])
| |
| − | * [[November 20]] - [[Edwin Hubble]], American astronomer (d. [[1953]])
| |
| − | *[[November 30]] - [[Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian]], English physiologist, [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize]] laureate (d. [[1977]])
| |
| − | * [[December 9]] - [[Hannes Kolehmainen]], Finnish runner (d. [[1966]])
| |
| − | * [[December 11]] - [[Walter Knott]], farmer and creator of [[Knott's Berry Farm]] (d. [[1981]]).
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| − | | |
| − | ===Unknown dates===
| |
| − | * [[James Alexander Allan]], Australian poet (d. [[1956]])
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| − | | |
| − | ==Deaths==
| |
| − | * [[January 30]] - [[Crown Prince Rudolf of Austria]] (suicide) (b. [[1858]])
| |
| − | * January 30 - [[Baroness Mary Vetsera]] (suicide) (b. [[1871]])
| |
| − | * [[February 3]] - [[Belle Starr]], American outlaw (b. [[1848]])
| |
| − | * [[March 8]] - [[John Ericsson]], Swedish inventor and engineer (b. [[1803]])
| |
| − | * [[March 9]] - Emperor [[Yohannes IV of Ethiopia]]
| |
| − | * [[April 23]] - [[Jules Barbey d'Aurevilly]], French writer (b. [[1808]])
| |
| − | * [[May 9]] - [[William S. Harney]], U.S. Army general (b. [[1800]])
| |
| − | * [[May 14]] - [[Volney E. Howard]], American politician (b. [[1809]])
| |
| − | * [[May 12]] - [[Mikhail Saltykov-Shchedrin]], Russian satirist (b. [[1826]])
| |
| − | * [[June 8]] - [[Gerard Manley Hopkins]], English poet (b. [[1844]])
| |
| − | * [[June 15]] - [[Mihai Eminescu]], Romanian poet (b. [[1850]])
| |
| − | * [[July 10]] - [[Julia Gardiner Tyler]], [[First Lady of the United States]] (b. [[1820]])
| |
| − | * [[August 19]] - [[Auguste Villiers de l'Isle-Adam]], French writer (b. [[1838]])
| |
| − | * [[September 16]] - [[Bob Younger]], American outlaw and youngest of the Younger outlaws
| |
| − | * [[September 23]] - [[Wilkie Collins]], British novelist (b. [[1824]])
| |
| − | * [[October 11]] - [[James Prescott Joule]], English physicist (b. [[1818]])
| |
| − | * [[October 19]] - King [[Luis I of Portugal]] (b. [[1838]])
| |
| − | * [[October 25]] - [[Émile Augier]], French dramatist (b. [[1820]])
| |
| − | * [[November 18]] - [[William Allingham]], Irish author (b. [[1824]] or [[1828]])
| |
| − | * [[December 6]] - [[Jefferson Davis]], [[President of the Confederate States of America]] (b. [[1808]])
| |
| − | * [[December 12]] - [[Robert Browning]], English poet (b. [[1812]])
| |
| − | * [[December 31]] - [[Ion Creangă]], Romanian writer (b. [[1837]] or [[1839]])
| |
| − | | |
| − | ==Heads of State==
| |
| − | * [[China]] - [[Guangxu Emperor of China|Guāngxù]] [[Emperor of China]], [[Qing Dynasty]] ([[1875]]-[[1908]])
| |
| − | * [[Denmark]] - [[Christian IX of Denmark|Christian IX]], [[King of Denmark]] ([[1863]]-[[1906]])
| |
| − | * [[France]] - [[Marie François Sadi Carnot]], [[President of France]] ([[1887]]-[[1894]])
| |
| − | * [[Germany]] - [[Wilhelm II of Germany|Wilhelm II]], [[Kaiser|German Kaiser]] ([[1888]]-[[1918]])
| |
| − | * [[Holy See]] - [[Pope Leo XIII]], [[Pope|Bishop of Rome]] ([[1878]]-[[1903]])
| |
| − | * [[Japan]] - [[Meiji Emperor|Mutsuhito]], [[Meiji period|Meiji]] [[Emperor of Japan|emperor]] ([[1867]]-[[1912]])
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| − | * [[Norway]] - [[Oscar II of Sweden|Oscar II]], [[King of Sweden]] and [[King of Norway|Norway]] ([[1872]]-[[1905]])
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| − | * [[Ottoman Empire]] - [[Abdul Hamid II]], [[Sultan of the Ottoman Empire]] ([[1876]]-[[1909]])
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| − | * [[Russia]] - [[Alexander III of Russia|Alexander III]], [[Tsar of Russia]] ([[1881]]-1894)
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| − | * [[Spain]] - [[Alfonso XIII of Spain]], [[King of Spain]] ([[1886]]-[[1931]])
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| − | * [[United States]] -
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| − | *# [[Grover Cleveland]], [[President of the United States]] ([[1885]]-1889)
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| − | *# [[Benjamin Harrison]], President of the United States (1889-[[1893]])
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